PyGame : ... antialiased filled circle !

The pygame python module does not implement an antialiased filled circle and this is the scope of this tutorial.

The pygame module for drawing shapes are:

• pygame.draw.rect - to draw a rectangle
• pygame.draw.polygon - to draw a polygon
• pygame.draw.circle - to draw a circle
• pygame.draw.ellipse - to draw an ellipse
• pygame.draw.arc - to draw an elliptical arc
• pygame.draw.line - to draw a straight line
• pygame.draw.lines - to draw multiple contiguous straight line segments
• pygame.draw.aaline - to draw a straight antialiased line
• pygame.draw.aalines - to draw multiple contiguous straight antialiased line segments.

Let's install pygame python module.

pip install pygame
Collecting pygame
  Downloading pygame-2.5.2-cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl.metadata (13 kB)
...
Installing collected packages: pygame
Successfully installed pygame-2.5.2

Let's see the source code:

import pygame
import pygame.gfxdraw

TARGET_SIZE = 200
BG_ALPHA_COLOR = (0, 0, 0, 100)

class Target(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.image = pygame.Surface((TARGET_SIZE, TARGET_SIZE), pygame.SRCALPHA)
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.color = (255, 0, 0)
        self.filled = False
        self.width = 1

    def DrawTarget(self):
        pygame.gfxdraw.aacircle(self.image, int(self.rect.width/2), int(self.rect.height/2),\
                int(self.rect.width/2 - 1), self.color)
        
        pygame.gfxdraw.filled_ellipse(self.image, int(self.rect.width/2), \
            int(self.rect.height/2), int(self.rect.width/2 - 1), int(self.rect.width/2 - 1), self.color)
        
        temp = pygame.Surface((TARGET_SIZE, TARGET_SIZE), pygame.SRCALPHA)
        
        if not self.filled:
            pygame.gfxdraw.filled_ellipse(temp, int(self.rect.width/2), int(self.rect.height/2), \
                int(self.rect.width/2 - self.width), int(self.rect.width/2 - self.width), BG_ALPHA_COLOR)
            pygame.gfxdraw.aacircle(temp, int(self.rect.width/2), int(self.rect.height/2), \
                int(self.rect.width/2 - self.width), BG_ALPHA_COLOR)
        
        self.image.blit(temp, (0, 0), None, pygame.BLEND_ADD)
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((400, 400))

target = Target()
target.DrawTarget()

running = True
while running:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            running = False

    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
    screen.blit(target.image, (100, 100))
    pygame.display.flip()

pygame.quit()

News : About my work and one of my websites.

I would like to bring to the attention of those who follow my activity on my websites and appreciate the inability to continue with one of the websites: free-tutorials.org. It is currently hosted on a free host, but I cannot import it 100%, which has led me not to complete it with new posts. The continuation of the activities there, considering the limited time, will be carried out on my blogs with the defined theme with which I started: Linux - Fedora, Graphics, Python, Pygame.

In the meantime, because the host is expensive and until now someone has helped me to host it on his server, it is possible to sell the domain: free-tutorials.org - I receive purchase offers at my personal Yahoo email address catafest@yahoo.com.

Minimum starting price 250 euros, because the domain is old from 2018.

PyGame : ovoid with a random pattern.

Here's how to create an ovoid with a random pattern. Run the script several times to see the differences:

import pygame
import random
pygame.init()

# Set up the display window
screen_size = (400, 400)
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(screen_size)
# Set window title
pygame.display.set_caption("Ovoid with Random Pattern")
# Define the ovoid
ovoid_pos = (150, 100)
ovoid_size = (100, 200)

# Create the ovoid surface
ovoid_surface = pygame.Surface(ovoid_size, pygame.SRCALPHA)

# Define the pattern
pattern_size = (random.randint(1, 9), random.randint(1, 9))
pattern_surface = pygame.Surface(pattern_size)
pattern_surface.fill((255, 255, 255))
pygame.draw.line(pattern_surface, (0, 0, 0), (0, 0), pattern_size)

# Create the mask surface
mask_surface = pygame.Surface(ovoid_size, pygame.SRCALPHA)
pygame.draw.ellipse(mask_surface, (255, 255, 255), mask_surface.get_rect(), 0)

# Apply the pattern to the ovoid surface
for x in range(0, ovoid_size[0], pattern_size[0]):
    for y in range(0, ovoid_size[1], pattern_size[1]):
        ovoid_surface.blit(pattern_surface, (x, y))

# Apply the mask to the ovoid surface
ovoid_surface.blit(mask_surface, (0, 0), special_flags=pygame.BLEND_RGBA_MULT)

# Draw the ovoid to the screen
screen.blit(ovoid_surface, ovoid_pos)

# Update the display
pygame.display.flip()

# Wait for the user to close the window
done = False
while not done:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            done = True

# Quit pygame properly
pygame.quit()

PyGame : simple web camera !

In this simple tutorial, I'll show you how to use pygame to use it with a webcam.

Let's install the pygame with the pip tool:

C:\PythonProjects\pygamecamera001>pip install pygame --user
Collecting pygame
  Downloading pygame-2.2.0-cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl (10.4 MB)
     ---------------------------------------- 10.4/10.4 MB 9.0 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Installing collected packages: pygame
Successfully installed pygame-2.2.0

This is the source code for web camera:

import pygame.camera
import pygame.image
import sys

pygame.camera.init()

cameras = pygame.camera.list_cameras()

webcam = pygame.camera.Camera(cameras[0])

webcam.start()

img = webcam.get_image()

WIDTH = img.get_width()
HEIGHT = img.get_height()

screen = pygame.display.set_mode( ( WIDTH, HEIGHT ) )
pygame.display.set_caption("pyGame webcam")

while True :
    for e in pygame.event.get() :
        if e.type == pygame.QUIT :
            sys.exit()
    screen.blit(img, (0,0))
    pygame.display.flip()
    img = webcam.get_image()

PyGame : simple digital clock.

This is the source code I used and is very simple.

import pygame
import time

# init the Pygame
pygame.init()

# this set the window size
window_size = (640, 100)

# this create the window
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(window_size)

# this set the title of the window
pygame.display.set_caption("Digital Clock")

# this fill the background color to white
screen.fill((255, 255, 255))

# settings for the font and size
font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36)

# the game loop area
running = True
while running:
# use an event to quit
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            running = False

    # get the current time
    current_time = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")

    # render the time as text
    text = font.render(current_time, True, (0, 0, 0))

    # clear the screen
    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))

    # draw the text on the screen
    screen.blit(text, (10, 10))

    # update the screen
    pygame.display.flip()

# quit Pygame application
pygame.quit()

The result of the running source code is this:

News : pygame-menu version 4.3.2.

This python package let you to use a menu for pygame.

You can find it on this webpage and documentation on this webpage.

This is simple to use it:

You can install easy like any python package using the pip3 python tool:

pip3 install pygame-menu==4.3.2 --user

I created a python file named pygame-menu_001.py and I add this simple example to test it:

import pygame
import pygame_menu
from pygame_menu import Theme
pygame.init()
surface = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))

def set_difficulty(value, difficulty):
    # Do the job here !
    pass

def start_the_game():
    # Do the job here !
    pass

mytheme = pygame_menu.themes.THEME_BLUE.copy()
mytheme.title_background_color=(0, 19, 76)
mytheme = Theme(widget_font=pygame_menu.font.FONT_FRANCHISE)

menu = pygame_menu.Menu('Main menu', 400, 300,
                       theme=mytheme)

menu.add.text_input('User :', default='catafest')
menu.add.selector('Difficulty :', [('Hard', 1), ('Easy', 2)], onchange=set_difficulty)
menu.add.button('Play', start_the_game)
menu.add.button('Quit', pygame_menu.events.EXIT)

menu.mainloop(surface)

This is the result of the running script:

PyGame : Testing Pygame GUI - part 03.

In this article tutorial I show you how can create a progressbar and set it with value 76.

This example looks like this:

The source code is not very complicated and is very readable for any developer with minimal knowledge in the programming area.

import pygame
import pygame_gui

pygame.init()

pygame.display.set_caption('Quick Start')
window_surface = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))

background = pygame.Surface((640, 480))
background.fill(pygame.Color('#0076AB'))

manager = pygame_gui.UIManager((640, 480))

print(dir(pygame_gui.elements.UIProgressBar))
myProgressBar = pygame_gui.elements.UIProgressBar(relative_rect=pygame.Rect((50, 100), (300, 40)),
	visible= 1,
        manager=manager)
myProgressBar.set_current_progress(76)
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
is_running = True

while is_running:
    time_delta = clock.tick(60)/1000.0
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            is_running = False

        if event.type == pygame_gui.UI_BUTTON_PRESSED:
            if event.ui_element == hello_button:
                print('Hello World!')

        manager.process_events(event)

    manager.update(time_delta)

    window_surface.blit(background, (0, 0))
    manager.draw_ui(window_surface)

    pygame.display.update()

PyGame : Testing Pygame GUI - part 02.

I repeat, Pygame GUI is a module to help you make graphical user interfaces for games written in pygame.

In this short tutorial I will show you a source code that creates a HealthBar.

This example looks like this:

The source code is not very complicated and is very readable.

import pygame
import pygame_gui

pygame.init()

pygame.display.set_caption('Quick Start')
window_surface = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))

background = pygame.Surface((640, 480))
background.fill(pygame.Color('#0076AB'))

manager = pygame_gui.UIManager((640, 480))

HealthBar = pygame_gui.elements.UIScreenSpaceHealthBar(relative_rect=pygame.Rect((50, 100), (300, 40)),
	visible= 1,
        manager=manager)
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
is_running = True

while is_running:
    time_delta = clock.tick(60)/1000.0
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            is_running = False

        if event.type == pygame_gui.UI_BUTTON_PRESSED:
            if event.ui_element == hello_button:
                print('Hello World!')

        manager.process_events(event)

    manager.update(time_delta)

    window_surface.blit(background, (0, 0))
    manager.draw_ui(window_surface)

    pygame.display.update()

PyGame : Testing Pygame GUI - part 01.

Pygame GUI is a module to help you make graphical user interfaces for games written in pygame.

The module is firmly forward-looking and is designed to work on Pygame 2 and Python 3.

You can read more about these features for this python package on the official website.

This is a simple interface with python and python pygame and pygame_gui python packages.

You can see a simple example on my GitHub account.

PyGame : How to use Box2D python package - part 002.

I've written a tutorial in the past about the python package called box2d, see this tutorial.

Today I will be more precise and I will show you a source code related to 2D simulation.

I installed the python package in the Fedora 35 Linux distribution with the DNF tool:

[root@fedora mythcat]# dnf search pybox2d
...
python3-pybox2d.x86_64 : A 2D rigid body simulation library for Python
[root@fedora mythcat]# dnf install python3-pybox2d.x86_64
Last metadata expiration check: 0:18:37 ago on Sun 16 Jan 2022 10:15:43 AM EET.
Dependencies resolved.
...
Installed:
  python3-pybox2d-2.3.2-17.fc35.x86_64                                          

Complete!

I created the working folders and the first python file named example001.py:

[mythcat@fedora ~]$ mkdir PyGameProjects
[mythcat@fedora ~]$ cd PyGameProjects/
[mythcat@fedora PyGameProjects]$ touch example001.py
[mythcat@fedora PyGameProjects]$ vi example001.py

It contains a default source code:

from Box2D import (b2PolygonShape, b2World)
# create word 
world = b2World()  
# set the world 
groundBody = world.CreateStaticBody(position=(0, -10),
                                    shapes=b2PolygonShape(box=(50, 10)),
                                    )
# create a dynamic body at position
body = world.CreateDynamicBody(position=(0, 4))

# add and set a box fixture onto it with a nonzero density, so it will move
box = body.CreatePolygonFixture(box=(1, 1), density=1, friction=0.3)

# use a time step of 1/60 of a second
timeStep = 1.0 / 60

# simulation scenario with 6 velocity/2 position iterations
vel_iters, pos_iters = 6, 2

# the game loop.
for i in range(60):
    # use step of simulation
    world.Step(timeStep, vel_iters, pos_iters)

    # clear body forces even I didn't apply any forces
    world.ClearForces()

    # print the position and angle of the body.
    print(body.position, body.angle)

The result of the run looks like this:

...
b2Vec2(1.8719e-08,1.01496) 6.208252216310939e-06
b2Vec2(1.90152e-08,1.01497) 4.9494738050270826e-06

For a more complex example we created two python files.

One is a class for a box and a file that calls the class.

The first file contains the following source code is named box.py:

import pygame
from Box2D import (b2EdgeShape, b2FixtureDef, b2PolygonShape, b2_dynamicBody,
                   b2_kinematicBody, b2_staticBody, b2World)

class Box:
    def __init__(self, x, y, l, world):
        self.x = x / l
        self.y = y / l
        self.w = .2
        self.h = .2

        self.world = world
        self.attachment = self.world.CreateDynamicBody(
            position=(self.x, self.y),
            fixtures=b2FixtureDef(
                shape=b2PolygonShape(box=(self.w, self.h)), density=0.4, friction = 0.4),)
                
    def display(self, screen):
        for body in self.world.bodies:
            for fixture in body.fixtures:
                shape = fixture.shape
                vertices = [(body.transform * v) * 20 for v in shape.vertices]
                pygame.draw.polygon(screen, 'azure', vertices)
                pygame.draw.polygon(screen, 'blue', vertices,width=3)

The file calling the class has the following source code:

import pygame
from box import Box
from Box2D import b2World

l = 20
fps = 60
frame_rate = 1.0 / fps

pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
pygame.display.set_caption("Physics")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

# A list for all of our rectangles
list_boxes = []
world = b2World(gravity=(0, 9.8), doSleep=False)

close = False

while not close:
    
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            close = True
    
    screen.fill('white')

    click, _, _ = pygame.mouse.get_pressed()    
    if click == 1:
        x,y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
        box = Box(x, y, l, world)
        list_boxes.append(box)

    for box in list_boxes:
        box.display(screen)

    world.Step(frame_rate, 10, 10)
    pygame.display.flip()
    clock.tick(fps)

pygame.quit()

The result of running this file looks like this screenshot with some squares moving to the bottom:

PyGame : Pygame New Years Jams 2022.

I haven't written about this python package in a long time because I was busy with other solutions of everyday life, but here it should continue with new elements this year ...

If you want to create a simple game, make some graphics or learn very quickly the basics of programming, then I recommend python with pygame.

First of all, the syntax of the programming language is simple and allows you to focus on the programming side, and the implementation of the graphics is just as simple.

It seems that there are users and tendencies to bring to our attention the possibilities of this python package.

Since December 26, the well-known website itch.io come with Pygame New Years Jam.

All submissions was open from December 26th 2021 at 11:00 AM to January 2nd 2022 at 11:00 AM

I did not know this fact but you can find examples to download and test.

For this jam the submission is closed and voting is now in progress.

NOW same website comes with another Winter 2022.

You can find the rules on this webpage.

You may use any game engine to make your game and build for any platform you like, including mobile. For mobile, only APKs can be distributed on itch.io.

You can see more at this web page.

PyGame : Install pygame 2.0 from GitHub on Linux.

Let's install all Fedora packages need for this python package:

[root@desk pygame]# dnf install SDL2-devel.x86_64 
...
Installed:
  SDL2-devel-2.0.12-4.fc33.x86_64                                               

Complete!
[root@desk pygame]# dnf install SDL2_ttf-devel.x86_64
...
Installed:
  SDL2_ttf-2.0.15-6.fc33.x86_64       SDL2_ttf-devel-2.0.15-6.fc33.x86_64      

Complete!
[root@desk pygame]# dnf install SDL2_image-devel.x86_64
...
Installed:
  SDL2_image-2.0.5-5.fc33.x86_64      SDL2_image-devel-2.0.5-5.fc33.x86_64     

Complete!
[root@desk pygame]# dnf install SDL2_mixer-devel.x86_64 
...
Installed:
  SDL2_mixer-2.0.4-7.fc33.x86_64      SDL2_mixer-devel-2.0.4-7.fc33.x86_64     

Complete!
[root@desk pygame]# dnf install SDL2_gfx-devel.x86_64 
...
Installed:
  SDL2_gfx-1.0.4-3.fc33.x86_64        SDL2_gfx-devel-1.0.4-3.fc33.x86_64       

Complete!
[root@desk pygame]# dnf install portmidi-devel.x86_64 
...
Installed:
  portmidi-devel-217-38.fc33.x86_64                                             

Complete!

Use this command to clone it from GitHub and install it:

[mythcat@desk ~]$ git clone https://github.com/pygame/pygame
Cloning into 'pygame'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 4, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
remote: Total 38509 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 38505
Receiving objects: 100% (38509/38509), 17.78 MiB | 11.66 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (29718/29718), done.
[mythcat@desk ~]$ cd pygame/
[mythcat@desk pygame]$ python3.9 setup.py install --user


WARNING, No "Setup" File Exists, Running "buildconfig/config.py"
Using UNIX configuration...


Hunting dependencies...
SDL     : found 2.0.12
FONT    : found
IMAGE   : found
MIXER   : found
PNG     : found
JPEG    : found
SCRAP   : found
PORTMIDI: found
PORTTIME: found
FREETYPE: found 23.4.17

If you get compiler errors during install, double-check
the compiler flags in the "Setup" file.
...
copying docs/pygame_tiny.gif -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/pygame/docs
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying pygame.egg-info/PKG-INFO -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying pygame.egg-info/SOURCES.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying pygame.egg-info/dependency_links.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying pygame.egg-info/entry_points.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying pygame.egg-info/not-zip-safe -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying pygame.egg-info/top_level.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
writing build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO/native_libs.txt
creating dist
creating 'dist/pygame-2.0.1.dev1-py3.9-linux-x86_64.egg' and adding 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' to it
removing 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' (and everything under it)
Processing pygame-2.0.1.dev1-py3.9-linux-x86_64.egg
creating /home/mythcat/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pygame-2.0.1.dev1-py3.9-linux-x86_64.egg
Extracting pygame-2.0.1.dev1-py3.9-linux-x86_64.egg to /home/mythcat/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages
Adding pygame 2.0.1.dev1 to easy-install.pth file

Installed /home/mythcat/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pygame-2.0.1.dev1-py3.9-linux-x86_64.egg
Processing dependencies for pygame==2.0.1.dev1
Finished processing dependencies for pygame==2.0.1.dev1

Let's test it:

[mythcat@desk pygame]$ ls
build	     dist  examples	    README.rst	setup.cfg  src_c   test
buildconfig  docs  pygame.egg-info  Setup	setup.py   src_py
[mythcat@desk pygame]$ python3.9
Python 3.9.0 (default, Oct  6 2020, 00:00:00) 
[GCC 10.2.1 20200826 (Red Hat 10.2.1-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pygame
pygame 2.0.1.dev1 (SDL 2.0.12, python 3.9.0)
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
>>> 

PyGame : The new pygame 2.0 .

A few days ago PyGame celebrated the anniversary of this python module ...
The 28th of October 2020 is the pygame 2.0 release date because pygame turns 20 years of age.
Here's what we find for pygame on GitHub.
Here are some of the 3306 changes...

• Support for Metal, Direct 3d, Vulkan, OpenGL 3.0+ in various profiles (core, compatibility, debug, robust, etc), OpenGL ES, and other modern hardware-accelerated video APIs across many platforms.
• SSE2/Neon assembly image drawing. Much faster drawing routines, image loading, and alpha blending.
• Type Hints, for code completion (and to help you make the squiggly lines disappear) in editors and IDEs.
• Code cleanup, using lots of code robustness tools like static analyzers, and automated CI/CD. We've been able to help dozens of people new to community projects contribute. We have lots of work to go on code quality, but we're currently the highest rated Python and highest rate C large project on LGTM.
• Many, many bug fixes including in our pygame.draw routines, pygame.math(for vectors), and pygame.mask for pixel-perfect collision detection.
• better support for PyPy (the fast JIT based implementation of python). See our milestone
• Are we pypy yet? No. for our progress on making PyPy the best python for games.
• libsdl version 2 support. Technically pygame 2.0 still works with SDL 1, but we recommend SDL2 which is vastly improved over SDL1 for most use cases. Probably we will remove SDL 1 support starting pygame 2.1.
• Touch support (multitouch, gestures, etc)
• Audio input support (make games with your microphone!).
• Message alert boxes (Press OK, or Cancel).
• Better keyboard support. Proper Unicode input and IME support.
• Much improved game controller support.
• Better image and audio format support. Including webp, 32bit Wav files, and much more reliable mp3 support.
• Multiple display support, and multiple window support (multi-window support is still experimental, more will come in pygame 2.1).
• Android support through python for android (a fork of pygame subset for android). Better documentation and better support will come in future releases.
• to make distributing your apps easier, a built-in "pyinstaller hook" and compatibility with cxfreeze.
• binary "wheels" on many platforms and versions of python from the old python 2.7 - to the latest python 3.9 (and with pypy!).
• lots of quality of life improvements like Surface.fill('black')instead of Surface.fill(pygame.Color(0, 0, 0)). Also, keywords are supported by many more function arguments. You can draw rounded corners on rects.
• plenty of new examples, like, and python3 -m pygame.examples.music_drop_fade. Additionally, the example source code has been cleaned up a lot to follow a more current python style.
• Hundreds of documentation improvements include a new Korean tutorial.
• a special SCALED mode that takes low pixel games and automatically translates them to a larger window. Imagine your 320x200 resolution game of glorious pixel art... on modern screens that would be a very tiny window. Now with SCALED, it shows up big on a Full HD screen, or even a 4K/8K screen and the translation of mouse coordinates and up-scaling of pixels is done for you (hardware accelerated of course).