PyGame : ovoid with a random pattern.

Here's how to create an ovoid with a random pattern. Run the script several times to see the differences:

import pygame
import random
pygame.init()

# Set up the display window
screen_size = (400, 400)
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(screen_size)
# Set window title
pygame.display.set_caption("Ovoid with Random Pattern")
# Define the ovoid
ovoid_pos = (150, 100)
ovoid_size = (100, 200)

# Create the ovoid surface
ovoid_surface = pygame.Surface(ovoid_size, pygame.SRCALPHA)

# Define the pattern
pattern_size = (random.randint(1, 9), random.randint(1, 9))
pattern_surface = pygame.Surface(pattern_size)
pattern_surface.fill((255, 255, 255))
pygame.draw.line(pattern_surface, (0, 0, 0), (0, 0), pattern_size)

# Create the mask surface
mask_surface = pygame.Surface(ovoid_size, pygame.SRCALPHA)
pygame.draw.ellipse(mask_surface, (255, 255, 255), mask_surface.get_rect(), 0)

# Apply the pattern to the ovoid surface
for x in range(0, ovoid_size[0], pattern_size[0]):
    for y in range(0, ovoid_size[1], pattern_size[1]):
        ovoid_surface.blit(pattern_surface, (x, y))

# Apply the mask to the ovoid surface
ovoid_surface.blit(mask_surface, (0, 0), special_flags=pygame.BLEND_RGBA_MULT)

# Draw the ovoid to the screen
screen.blit(ovoid_surface, ovoid_pos)

# Update the display
pygame.display.flip()

# Wait for the user to close the window
done = False
while not done:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            done = True

# Quit pygame properly
pygame.quit()

PyGame : simple web camera !

In this simple tutorial, I'll show you how to use pygame to use it with a webcam.

Let's install the pygame with the pip tool:

C:\PythonProjects\pygamecamera001>pip install pygame --user
Collecting pygame
  Downloading pygame-2.2.0-cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl (10.4 MB)
     ---------------------------------------- 10.4/10.4 MB 9.0 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Installing collected packages: pygame
Successfully installed pygame-2.2.0

This is the source code for web camera:

import pygame.camera
import pygame.image
import sys

pygame.camera.init()

cameras = pygame.camera.list_cameras()

webcam = pygame.camera.Camera(cameras[0])

webcam.start()

img = webcam.get_image()

WIDTH = img.get_width()
HEIGHT = img.get_height()

screen = pygame.display.set_mode( ( WIDTH, HEIGHT ) )
pygame.display.set_caption("pyGame webcam")

while True :
    for e in pygame.event.get() :
        if e.type == pygame.QUIT :
            sys.exit()
    screen.blit(img, (0,0))
    pygame.display.flip()
    img = webcam.get_image()

PyGame : simple digital clock.

This is the source code I used and is very simple.

import pygame
import time

# init the Pygame
pygame.init()

# this set the window size
window_size = (640, 100)

# this create the window
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(window_size)

# this set the title of the window
pygame.display.set_caption("Digital Clock")

# this fill the background color to white
screen.fill((255, 255, 255))

# settings for the font and size
font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36)

# the game loop area
running = True
while running:
# use an event to quit
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            running = False

    # get the current time
    current_time = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")

    # render the time as text
    text = font.render(current_time, True, (0, 0, 0))

    # clear the screen
    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))

    # draw the text on the screen
    screen.blit(text, (10, 10))

    # update the screen
    pygame.display.flip()

# quit Pygame application
pygame.quit()

The result of the running source code is this:

PyGame : Testing Pygame GUI - part 03.

In this article tutorial I show you how can create a progressbar and set it with value 76.

This example looks like this:

The source code is not very complicated and is very readable for any developer with minimal knowledge in the programming area.

import pygame
import pygame_gui

pygame.init()

pygame.display.set_caption('Quick Start')
window_surface = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))

background = pygame.Surface((640, 480))
background.fill(pygame.Color('#0076AB'))

manager = pygame_gui.UIManager((640, 480))

print(dir(pygame_gui.elements.UIProgressBar))
myProgressBar = pygame_gui.elements.UIProgressBar(relative_rect=pygame.Rect((50, 100), (300, 40)),
	visible= 1,
        manager=manager)
myProgressBar.set_current_progress(76)
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
is_running = True

while is_running:
    time_delta = clock.tick(60)/1000.0
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            is_running = False

        if event.type == pygame_gui.UI_BUTTON_PRESSED:
            if event.ui_element == hello_button:
                print('Hello World!')

        manager.process_events(event)

    manager.update(time_delta)

    window_surface.blit(background, (0, 0))
    manager.draw_ui(window_surface)

    pygame.display.update()

PyGame : Testing Pygame GUI - part 02.

I repeat, Pygame GUI is a module to help you make graphical user interfaces for games written in pygame.

In this short tutorial I will show you a source code that creates a HealthBar.

This example looks like this:

The source code is not very complicated and is very readable.

import pygame
import pygame_gui

pygame.init()

pygame.display.set_caption('Quick Start')
window_surface = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))

background = pygame.Surface((640, 480))
background.fill(pygame.Color('#0076AB'))

manager = pygame_gui.UIManager((640, 480))

HealthBar = pygame_gui.elements.UIScreenSpaceHealthBar(relative_rect=pygame.Rect((50, 100), (300, 40)),
	visible= 1,
        manager=manager)
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
is_running = True

while is_running:
    time_delta = clock.tick(60)/1000.0
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            is_running = False

        if event.type == pygame_gui.UI_BUTTON_PRESSED:
            if event.ui_element == hello_button:
                print('Hello World!')

        manager.process_events(event)

    manager.update(time_delta)

    window_surface.blit(background, (0, 0))
    manager.draw_ui(window_surface)

    pygame.display.update()

PyGame : Testing Pygame GUI - part 01.

Pygame GUI is a module to help you make graphical user interfaces for games written in pygame.

The module is firmly forward-looking and is designed to work on Pygame 2 and Python 3.

You can read more about these features for this python package on the official website.

This is a simple interface with python and python pygame and pygame_gui python packages.

You can see a simple example on my GitHub account.

PyGame : How to use Box2D python package - part 002.

I've written a tutorial in the past about the python package called box2d, see this tutorial.

Today I will be more precise and I will show you a source code related to 2D simulation.

I installed the python package in the Fedora 35 Linux distribution with the DNF tool:

[root@fedora mythcat]# dnf search pybox2d
...
python3-pybox2d.x86_64 : A 2D rigid body simulation library for Python
[root@fedora mythcat]# dnf install python3-pybox2d.x86_64
Last metadata expiration check: 0:18:37 ago on Sun 16 Jan 2022 10:15:43 AM EET.
Dependencies resolved.
...
Installed:
  python3-pybox2d-2.3.2-17.fc35.x86_64                                          

Complete!

I created the working folders and the first python file named example001.py:

[mythcat@fedora ~]$ mkdir PyGameProjects
[mythcat@fedora ~]$ cd PyGameProjects/
[mythcat@fedora PyGameProjects]$ touch example001.py
[mythcat@fedora PyGameProjects]$ vi example001.py

It contains a default source code:

from Box2D import (b2PolygonShape, b2World)
# create word 
world = b2World()  
# set the world 
groundBody = world.CreateStaticBody(position=(0, -10),
                                    shapes=b2PolygonShape(box=(50, 10)),
                                    )
# create a dynamic body at position
body = world.CreateDynamicBody(position=(0, 4))

# add and set a box fixture onto it with a nonzero density, so it will move
box = body.CreatePolygonFixture(box=(1, 1), density=1, friction=0.3)

# use a time step of 1/60 of a second
timeStep = 1.0 / 60

# simulation scenario with 6 velocity/2 position iterations
vel_iters, pos_iters = 6, 2

# the game loop.
for i in range(60):
    # use step of simulation
    world.Step(timeStep, vel_iters, pos_iters)

    # clear body forces even I didn't apply any forces
    world.ClearForces()

    # print the position and angle of the body.
    print(body.position, body.angle)

The result of the run looks like this:

...
b2Vec2(1.8719e-08,1.01496) 6.208252216310939e-06
b2Vec2(1.90152e-08,1.01497) 4.9494738050270826e-06

For a more complex example we created two python files.

One is a class for a box and a file that calls the class.

The first file contains the following source code is named box.py:

import pygame
from Box2D import (b2EdgeShape, b2FixtureDef, b2PolygonShape, b2_dynamicBody,
                   b2_kinematicBody, b2_staticBody, b2World)

class Box:
    def __init__(self, x, y, l, world):
        self.x = x / l
        self.y = y / l
        self.w = .2
        self.h = .2

        self.world = world
        self.attachment = self.world.CreateDynamicBody(
            position=(self.x, self.y),
            fixtures=b2FixtureDef(
                shape=b2PolygonShape(box=(self.w, self.h)), density=0.4, friction = 0.4),)
                
    def display(self, screen):
        for body in self.world.bodies:
            for fixture in body.fixtures:
                shape = fixture.shape
                vertices = [(body.transform * v) * 20 for v in shape.vertices]
                pygame.draw.polygon(screen, 'azure', vertices)
                pygame.draw.polygon(screen, 'blue', vertices,width=3)

The file calling the class has the following source code:

import pygame
from box import Box
from Box2D import b2World

l = 20
fps = 60
frame_rate = 1.0 / fps

pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
pygame.display.set_caption("Physics")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

# A list for all of our rectangles
list_boxes = []
world = b2World(gravity=(0, 9.8), doSleep=False)

close = False

while not close:
    
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            close = True
    
    screen.fill('white')

    click, _, _ = pygame.mouse.get_pressed()    
    if click == 1:
        x,y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
        box = Box(x, y, l, world)
        list_boxes.append(box)

    for box in list_boxes:
        box.display(screen)

    world.Step(frame_rate, 10, 10)
    pygame.display.flip()
    clock.tick(fps)

pygame.quit()

The result of running this file looks like this screenshot with some squares moving to the bottom:

PyGame : Positional axes - part 005.

The goal of this tutorial is to use python classes, inheritance, and draw positional axes for rectangles. I used two simple python scripts to solve these issues. This python script named testing_axes.py I create two classes named Point_XY and Columns_XY:

import random
#
class Point_XY:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = random.randrange(400)
        self.y = random.randrange(400)
        self.dx = random.randrange(50)+10
        self.dy = random.randrange(50)+10

    def __repr__(self):
        return "" % (self.x, self.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return "From str method of Point_XY: a is %s, b is %s" % (self.x, self.y)
#   
class Columns_XY(Point_XY):
    def __init__(self):
        column = []
        p = Point_XY()
        self.column = (p.x, p.y, p.dx, p.dy)
        print(column)
        
    def __repr__(self,p):
        return "" % (self.column)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return "From str method of Columns_XY :%s>" % (self.column)
'''    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    Columns_XY()
    pass
'''

With this script named pygame_testing_axes.py I draw columns and axes:

import sys
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from testing_axes import *

# define a square for each column
squares = []
# create column position x,y and rect size dx, dy
def create_columns_rect(n):
    for i in range(n):
        col = Columns_XY()
        #print(col.column)
        squares.append(col.column)
    #print(squares)
    return squares
def main():
    # init PyGame
    pygame.init()
    # set size of screen
    size_screen = (640,480)
    # create display
    screen_display = pygame.display.set_mode(size_screen,0,32)
    # set color white
    color_white = (255,255,255)
    # set color blue
    color_blue = (0,0,255)
    # fill screen with a white color
    screen_display.fill(color_white)
    # set the numar of columns 
    nr_col = 5
    # create columns from classes
    cols = create_columns_rect(nr_col)
    # use each column
    for (px,py,dx,dy) in cols:
        # print positions and size of rectangle
        print (px,py,dx,dy)
        # draw column rectangle to display with color and position and size
        # screen_display , color_blue , px,py,dx,dy
        pygame.draw.rect(screen_display,color_blue,(px,py,dx,dy))
        # create a color for axes
        color_col = (random.randrange(255),random.randrange(255),random.randrange(255))
        # draw axes for x and y with the color
        pygame.draw.line(screen_display, color_col, ( px , 0) , ( px , py + dy) )
        pygame.draw.line(screen_display, color_col, ( 0 , py) , ( px +  dx , py) )
    # is workings get events 
    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type==QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                sys.exit()
        pygame.display.update()
# run main 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    pass

This is result of the running python script pygame_testing_axes.py:

PyGame : Effects - part 004.

This is an simple example about how can be use palette colors.

This effect was used in the old game development.

The base of this python script is the Surface.

If you read the documentation then you can see this:

pygame object for representing images
Surface((width, height), flags=0, depth=0, masks=None) -> Surface
Surface((width, height), flags=0, Surface) -> Surface

In this example I used a new_color to change one color.

Let's see the example:

#!/usr/bin/python
import sys 
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *

pygame.init()
pygame.display.set_caption('swap color pallete')
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640,480),0,32)

clock = pygame.time.Clock()

test_image = pygame.image.load('test.png').convert()
image_back = test_image.copy()
def palette_swap(img_surface, old_color, new_color):
    
    img_copy = pygame.Surface(test_image.get_size())
    img_copy.fill(new_color)
    img_surface.set_colorkey(old_color)
    img_copy.blit(img_surface,(0,0))
    return img_copy

test_image = palette_swap(test_image, (210,0,1), (0,0,255)) 
test_image = palette_swap(test_image, (154, 209, 59), (205, 124, 97))   
test_image.set_colorkey((0,0,0))

while True:
    screen.fill((0,0,0))
    screen.blit(pygame.transform.scale(test_image,(test_image.get_width()*2, 
                                                   test_image.get_height() * 2)), (0,0))
    screen.blit(pygame.transform.scale(image_back,(image_back.get_width()*2, 
                                                   image_back.get_height() * 2)), (256,0))
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == QUIT:
            sys.exit()
        if event.type == KEYDOWN:
            if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
                pygame.quit()
                sys.exit()
    pygame.display.update()
    clock.tick(60)
    # print the fps , time amd tick for this pygame test 
    #print(clock.get_fps(), clock.get_time(),clock.tick())

The test.png is a simple png file image with the size of 128 x 128 pixels.

This is the output of this simple example:

PyGame : Game pygame-medic-snake.

I made this game because I had a broken tooth and now I haven't found a dentist for the holidays.
Until I get the pain or I get to the dentist I started writing this game.
The game is simple to use and comes today with version 0.0.1.
See the full source code at my GitHub account.

PyGame : How to use Box2D python package - part 001.

About this python package the official GitHub comes with this intro:
pybox2d is a 2D physics library for your games and simple simulations. It's based on the Box2D library, written in C++. It supports several shape types (circle, polygon, thin line segments), and quite a few joint types (revolute, prismatic, wheel, etc.).
In the first step, you need to install the swig Fedora package.
About swig the official webpage tells us:
SWIG is an interface compiler that connects programs written in C and C++ with scripting languages such as Perl, Python, Ruby, and Tcl. It works by taking the declarations found in C/C++ header files and using them to generate the wrapper code that scripting languages need to access the underlying C/C++ code. In addition, SWIG provides a variety of customization features that let you tailor the wrapping process to suit your application.
I install it with DNF tool:

[root@desk mythcat]# dnf install swig.x86_64
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:43 ago on Thu 26 Dec 2019 10:40:53 PM EET.
Dependencies resolved.
====================================================================================
 Package         Architecture      Version                 Repository          Size
====================================================================================
Installing:
 swig            x86_64            4.0.1-3.fc31            updates            1.4 M

Transaction Summary
====================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 1.4 M
Installed size: 5.7 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
swig-4.0.1-3.fc31.x86_64.rpm                        1.7 MB/s | 1.4 MB     00:00    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                               863 kB/s | 1.4 MB     00:01     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                            1/1 
  Installing       : swig-4.0.1-3.fc31.x86_64                                   1/1 
  Running scriptlet: swig-4.0.1-3.fc31.x86_64                                   1/1 
  Verifying        : swig-4.0.1-3.fc31.x86_64                                   1/1 

Installed:
  swig-4.0.1-3.fc31.x86_64                                                          

Complete!

I used the last version of the Box2D python package:

[mythcat@desk ~]$ git clone https://github.com/pybox2d/pybox2d
Cloning into 'pybox2d'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 2922, done.
remote: Total 2922 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 2922
Receiving objects: 100% (2922/2922), 9.12 MiB | 4.04 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (1832/1832), done.
[mythcat@desk ~]$ cd pybox2d/
[mythcat@desk pybox2d]$ python setup.py clean
Using setuptools (version 41.2.0).
running clean
[mythcat@desk pybox2d]$ python setup.py build
Using setuptools (version 41.2.0).
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/Box2D
...
[mythcat@desk pybox2d]$ python setup.py install --user
Using setuptools (version 41.2.0).
running install
running bdist_egg
running egg_info
...
Processing dependencies for Box2D==2.3.2
Finished processing dependencies for Box2D==2.3.2

Let's try these two examples from the official webpage:

[mythcat@desk ~]$ python3 simple_01.py
pygame 1.9.6
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
Done!
[mythcat@desk ~]$ python3 simple_02.py
pygame 1.9.6
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
Done!

These screenshots results for the first script:

... and for the second one:

PyGame : Install and test pygame on Fedora 31 distro.

The install of the python package named pygame on Fedora Linux distro is very simple with the pip3 tool for python 3 version.

[mythcat@desk ~]$ pip3 install pygame --user
Collecting pygame
...
Installing collected packages: pygame
Successfully installed pygame-1.9.6

After install you can check this python package with this source code:

[mythcat@desk ~]$ python3 
Python 3.7.5 (default, Dec 15 2019, 17:54:26) 
[GCC 9.2.1 20190827 (Red Hat 9.2.1-1)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pygame
pygame 1.9.6
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
>>> from pygame import *
>>> print(pygame.__version__)
1.9.6
>>> dir(pygame)
['ACTIVEEVENT', 'ANYFORMAT', 'ASYNCBLIT', 'AUDIODEVICEADDED', 'AUDIODEVICEREMOVED', 
'AUDIO_ALLOW_ANY_CHANGE', 'AUDIO_ALLOW_CHANNELS_CHANGE', 'AUDIO_ALLOW_FORMAT_CHANGE',
 'AUDIO_ALLOW_FREQUENCY_CHANGE', 'AUDIO_S16', 'AUDIO_S16LSB', 'AUDIO_S16MSB', 'AUDIO_S16SYS',
 'AUDIO_S8', 'AUDIO_U16', 'AUDIO_U16LSB', 'AUDIO_U16MSB', 'AUDIO_U16SYS', 'AUDIO_U8', 
'BIG_ENDIAN', 'BLEND_ADD', 'BLEND_MAX', 'BLEND_MIN', 'BLEND_MULT', 'BLEND_PREMULTIPLIED', 'BLEND_RGBA_ADD',
 'BLEND_RGBA_MAX', 'BLEND_RGBA_MIN', 'BLEND_RGBA_MULT', 'BLEND_RGBA_SUB', 'BLEND_RGB_ADD', 'BLEND_RGB_MAX',
 'BLEND_RGB_MIN', 'BLEND_RGB_MULT', 'BLEND_RGB_SUB', 'BLEND_SUB', 'BUTTON_LEFT', 'BUTTON_MIDDLE', 'BUTTON_RIGHT',
 'BUTTON_WHEELDOWN', 'BUTTON_WHEELUP', 'BUTTON_X1', 'BUTTON_X2', 'BufferError', 'BufferProxy', 'Color',
 'DOUBLEBUF', 'DROPBEGIN', 'DROPCOMPLETE', 'DROPFILE', 'DROPTEXT', 'FINGERDOWN', 'FINGERMOTION', 'FINGERUP',
 'FULLSCREEN', 'GL_ACCELERATED_VISUAL', 'GL_ACCUM_ALPHA_SIZE', 'GL_ACCUM_BLUE_SIZE', 'GL_ACCUM_GREEN_SIZE',
 'GL_ACCUM_RED_SIZE', 'GL_ALPHA_SIZE', 'GL_BLUE_SIZE', 'GL_BUFFER_SIZE', 'GL_DEPTH_SIZE', 'GL_DOUBLEBUFFER',
 'GL_GREEN_SIZE', 'GL_MULTISAMPLEBUFFERS', 'GL_MULTISAMPLESAMPLES', 'GL_RED_SIZE', 'GL_STENCIL_SIZE', 'GL_STEREO',
 'GL_SWAP_CONTROL', 'HAT_CENTERED', 'HAT_DOWN', 'HAT_LEFT', 'HAT_LEFTDOWN', 'HAT_LEFTUP', 'HAT_RIGHT', 
'HAT_RIGHTDOWN', 'HAT_RIGHTUP', 'HAT_UP', 'HAVE_NEWBUF', 'HWACCEL', 'HWPALETTE', 'HWSURFACE', 'IYUV_OVERLAY',
 'JOYAXISMOTION', 'JOYBALLMOTION', 'JOYBUTTONDOWN', 'JOYBUTTONUP', 'JOYHATMOTION', 'KEYDOWN', 'KEYUP', 'KMOD_ALT',
 'KMOD_CAPS', 'KMOD_CTRL', 'KMOD_LALT', 'KMOD_LCTRL', 'KMOD_LMETA', 'KMOD_LSHIFT', 'KMOD_META', 'KMOD_MODE',
 'KMOD_NONE', 'KMOD_NUM', 'KMOD_RALT', 'KMOD_RCTRL', 'KMOD_RMETA', 'KMOD_RSHIFT', 'KMOD_SHIFT', 'K_0', 'K_1',
 'K_2', 'K_3', 'K_4', 'K_5', 'K_6', 'K_7', 'K_8', 'K_9', 'K_AMPERSAND', 'K_ASTERISK', 'K_AT', 'K_BACKQUOTE',
 'K_BACKSLASH', 'K_BACKSPACE', 'K_BREAK', 'K_CAPSLOCK', 'K_CARET', 'K_CLEAR', 'K_COLON', 'K_COMMA', 'K_DELETE',
 'K_DOLLAR', 'K_DOWN', 'K_END', 'K_EQUALS', 'K_ESCAPE', 'K_EURO', 'K_EXCLAIM', 'K_F1', 'K_F10', 'K_F11', 'K_F12',
 'K_F13', 'K_F14', 'K_F15', 'K_F2', 'K_F3', 'K_F4', 'K_F5', 'K_F6', 'K_F7', 'K_F8', 'K_F9', 'K_FIRST', 'K_GREATER',
 'K_HASH', 'K_HELP', 'K_HOME', 'K_INSERT', 'K_KP0', 'K_KP1', 'K_KP2', 'K_KP3', 'K_KP4', 'K_KP5', 'K_KP6', 'K_KP7',
 'K_KP8', 'K_KP9', 'K_KP_DIVIDE', 'K_KP_ENTER', 'K_KP_EQUALS', 'K_KP_MINUS', 'K_KP_MULTIPLY', 'K_KP_PERIOD',
 'K_KP_PLUS', 'K_LALT', 'K_LAST', 'K_LCTRL', 'K_LEFT', 'K_LEFTBRACKET', 'K_LEFTPAREN', 'K_LESS', 'K_LMETA', 
'K_LSHIFT', 'K_LSUPER', 'K_MENU', 'K_MINUS', 'K_MODE', 'K_NUMLOCK', 'K_PAGEDOWN', 'K_PAGEUP', 'K_PAUSE',
 'K_PERIOD', 'K_PLUS', 'K_POWER', 'K_PRINT', 'K_QUESTION', 'K_QUOTE', 'K_QUOTEDBL', 'K_RALT', 'K_RCTRL',
 'K_RETURN', 'K_RIGHT', 'K_RIGHTBRACKET', 'K_RIGHTPAREN', 'K_RMETA', 'K_RSHIFT', 'K_RSUPER', 'K_SCROLLOCK',
 'K_SEMICOLON', 'K_SLASH', 'K_SPACE', 'K_SYSREQ', 'K_TAB', 'K_UNDERSCORE', 'K_UNKNOWN', 'K_UP', 'K_a', 'K_b',
 'K_c', 'K_d', 'K_e', 'K_f', 'K_g', 'K_h', 'K_i', 'K_j', 'K_k', 'K_l', 'K_m', 'K_n', 'K_o', 'K_p', 'K_q',
 'K_r', 'K_s', 'K_t', 'K_u', 'K_v', 'K_w', 'K_x', 'K_y', 'K_z', 'LIL_ENDIAN', 'MOUSEBUTTONDOWN', 'MOUSEBUTTONUP',
 'MOUSEMOTION', 'MOUSEWHEEL', 'MULTIGESTURE', 'Mask', 'NOEVENT', 'NOFRAME', 'NUMEVENTS', 'OPENGL', 'OPENGLBLIT',
 'Overlay', 'PREALLOC', 'PixelArray', 'PygameVersion', 'QUIT', 'RESIZABLE', 'RLEACCEL', 'RLEACCELOK', 'Rect',
 'SCRAP_BMP', 'SCRAP_CLIPBOARD', 'SCRAP_PBM', 'SCRAP_PPM', 'SCRAP_SELECTION', 'SCRAP_TEXT', 'SRCALPHA',
 'SRCCOLORKEY', 'SWSURFACE', 'SYSWMEVENT', 'Surface', 'SurfaceType', 'TEXTEDITING', 'TEXTINPUT',
 'TIMER_RESOLUTION', 'USEREVENT', 'USEREVENT_DROPFILE', 'UYVY_OVERLAY', 'VIDEOEXPOSE', 'VIDEORESIZE',
 'Vector2', 'Vector3', 'WINDOWEVENT', 'WINDOWEVENT_CLOSE', 'YUY2_OVERLAY', 'YV12_OVERLAY', 'YVYU_OVERLAY',
 '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__color_constructor','__color_reduce', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__',
 '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__rect_constructor', '__rect_reduce', '__spec__', '__version__',
'_numpysndarray', '_numpysurfarray', 'base', 'bufferproxy', 'cdrom', 'color', 'colordict', 'compat',
 'constants', 'cursors', 'display', 'draw', 'encode_file_path', 'encode_string', 'error', 'event', 'fastevent',
 'font', 'get_array_interface', 'get_error', 'get_init', 'get_sdl_byteorder', 'get_sdl_version', 'image',
 'init', 'joystick', 'key', 'mask', 'math', 'mixer', 'mixer_music', 'mouse', 'movie', 'overlay',
 'packager_imports','pixelarray', 'pixelcopy', 'quit', 'rect', 'register_quit', 'rev', 'rwobject',
 'scrap', 'segfault', 'set_error', 'sndarray', 'sprite', 'surface', 'surfarray', 'sysfont', 'threads',
 'time', 'transform', 'ver', 'vernum', 'version', 'warn_unwanted_files']

This shows us all the features of the pygame package.

PyGame : First interface - part 11.

This is python module named pygameMenu can help us to develop another step into the interface issue. This python module is simple, lightweight and easy to use and the last release from a day ago comes with the version is 2.0.1. The install step is easy with the pip tool:

pip install pygame-menu==2.0.1
Collecting pygame-menu==2.0.1
...
      Successfully uninstalled pygame-menu-1.96.1
Successfully installed pygame-menu-2.0.1 pyperclip-1.7.0

This python module are supported by currently python 2.7+ and 3.4+ (3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7). You need to have the pygame python module install it on your operating system. If not you will get this error then reinstall the pygame with pip3 tool:

...
    from pygame.base import *
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pygame.base'

You cam find more here. Let's see one simple example:

import sys
import pygame
import pygameMenu
from random import randint
from random import randrange
from pygame.locals import *
from pygameMenu.locals import*
#  create the menu 
class GameMenu():
    # this will used on click's 
    def test(self):
        print('test')
    # this will create the menu with some features
    def my_menu_game(self):
        self.my_menu_game = pygameMenu.Menu(get_display,
                                   font=pygameMenu.font.FONT_BEBAS,
                                   dopause=False,
                                   menu_color=(0, 10, 176),  # Background color
                                   menu_color_title=(0, 76, 76),
                                   menu_height= 240,
                                   menu_width=320,
                                   onclose=pygameMenu.events.DISABLE_CLOSE,
                                   option_shadow=True,
                                   option_shadow_position=pygameMenu.locals.POSITION_SOUTHEAST,

                                   title='Help',
                                   window_height=480,
                                   window_width=640
                                        )
        # add some items on menu 
        self.my_menu_game.add_option('Test!', self.test)
        self.my_menu_game.add_selector('Select', [('eazy', 'EASY'),
                                                     ('medium', 'MEDIUM'),
                                                     ('hard', 'HARD')],
                                onreturn = False,
                                onchange = self.test)
        self.my_menu_game.add_option('Exit', self.test)



        # Loop the game and get menu events
        while True:
            # clock count
            clock.tick(60)
            # events for menu 
            events = pygame.event.get()
            for event in events:
                if event.type == QUIT:
                    pygame.quit()
                    sys.exit()

            # create menu
            self.my_menu_game.mainloop(events)

            # the flip display function 
            pygame.display.flip()


# init the pygame 
pygame.init()

# default pygame init
get_display=pygame.display.set_mode((640,480))
pygame.display.set_caption("My Menu")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

# create the menu
game_menu = GameMenu()
game_menu.my_menu_game() 

The result of this source code can be see into the next screenshot:

PyGame : Testing example of pygame module.

The Pygame python module is a good way to start programming games.
This python module comes with examples, see the official webpage.
These should help get you started with Pygame.
The source code for these examples is in the public domain.
Today I will show you how to find and run an example from this python module.
Let's start with these commands:

C:\Python373>python
Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD6
4)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pygame.examples.aliens
pygame 1.9.6
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
>>> pygame.examples.aliens.__file__
'C:\\Python373\\lib\\site-packages\\pygame\\examples\\aliens.py'
>>> pygame.examples.aliens.main()

The result of running the aliens game.

PyGame : First interface - part 10.

Today I will create a maze can be used into pygame interface gaming area.
The algorithm starts at a random cell.
Mark the current cell as visited, and get a list of its neighbors.
Now, for each neighbor, starting with a randomly selected neighbor.
If that neighbor hasn't been visited, remove the wall between this cell and that neighbor.
Use this recourse idea with that neighbor as the current cell.
Let's see the source code:

import os
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from random import choice
# create a maze cell with rect sized 6 pixels
class maze_cell(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    w, h = 6, 6

    def __init__(self, x, y, maze):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.Surface([self.w, self.h])
        self.image.fill((0, 0, 255))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.x = x * self.w
        self.rect.y = y * self.h

        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.maze = maze
        self.nbs = [(x + nx, y + ny) for nx, ny in ((-2, 0), (0, -2), (2, 0), (0, 2))
                    if 0 <= x + nx < maze.w and 0 <= y + ny < maze.h]
    # draw screen with pygame blit 
    def draw(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
# create the maze wall 
class maze_wall(maze_cell):
    def __init__(self, x, y, maze):
        super(maze_wall, self).__init__(x, y, maze)
        self.image.fill((0, 0, 0))
        self.type = 0
# create the maze by generate into grid 
class create_maze:
    def __init__(self, size):
        self.w, self.h = size[0] // maze_cell.w, size[1] // maze_cell.h
        self.grid = [[maze_wall(x, y, self) for y in range(self.h)] for x in range(self.w)]

    def get(self, x, y):
        return self.grid[x][y]

    def place_maze_wall(self, x, y):
        self.grid[x][y] = maze_wall(x, y, self)

    def draw(self, screen):
        for row in self.grid:
            for maze_cell in row:
                maze_cell.draw(screen)

    def generate(self, screen=None, animate=False):
        
        unvisited = [c for r in self.grid for c in r if c.x % 2 and c.y % 2]
        cur = unvisited.pop()
        stack = []

        while unvisited:
            try:
                n = choice([c for c in map(lambda x: self.get(*x), cur.nbs) if c in unvisited])
                stack.append(cur)
                nx, ny = cur.x - (cur.x - n.x) // 2, cur.y - (cur.y - n.y) // 2
                self.grid[nx][ny] = maze_cell(nx, ny, self)
                self.grid[cur.x][cur.y] = maze_cell(cur.x, cur.y, self)
                cur = n
                unvisited.remove(n)

                if animate:
                    self.draw(screen)
                    pygame.display.update()
                    pygame.time.wait(10)
            except IndexError:
                if stack:
                    cur = stack.pop()

def draw_maze(screen):
    maze = create_maze(WINSIZE)
    maze.generate(screen, True)

WINSIZE = (maze_cell.w * 76, maze_cell.h * 76)

def main():
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode(WINSIZE)
    pygame.display.set_caption('Generate maze')
    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
    clock = pygame.time.Clock()

    draw_maze(screen)

    done = 0

    while not done:
        for e in pygame.event.get():
            if e.type == QUIT or (e.type == KEYUP and e.key == K_ESCAPE):
                done = 1
        pygame.display.update()
        clock.tick()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

The result of this source code:

PyGame : First interface - part 9.

Today I start with another tutorial with pygame python module and python version 3.7.3.
For this series of tutorials, I will introduce you a radar interface.
The advantages of using such an interface are evident from technical considerations and not only. This type of interface is very used in games because most users have become accustomed to it.
Let's start installing the pygame python module.

C:\Python373\Scripts>pip install pygame
Requirement already satisfied: pygame in c:\python373\lib\site-packages (1.9.6)

I try to follow some goals, like:

• install pygame with pip tool for python 3.7.3;
• create an interface for drawing;
• use a configuration with values, see: screen_size;
• use events to stop the script;
• use line and circle with math and radians;
• use the pygame.gfxdraw module to draw lines and circles;

This python script is simple to understand:

import pygame
import math
from pygame.locals import *
import pygame.gfxdraw

configuration = {
        'screen_size': (500,500),
}
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(configuration['screen_size'])
FPSCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock()
done = False
screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
azimuth_degrees=0
while not done:
    screen.fill(0)
    # get events
    for e in pygame.event.get():
        if e.type == QUIT or (e.type == KEYDOWN and e.key == K_ESCAPE):
            done = True
            break
    screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
    # radar position on window     
    radar = (250,250)
    # radar lenght 
    radar_len = 276
    for x in range(1, 250, 30):
        # radar circle position on window
        pygame.gfxdraw.circle(screen,radar[0],radar[1],x,(0,0,255))   

    # calculate the x and y radar beam
    x = radar[0] + math.cos(math.radians( azimuth_degrees)) * radar_len
    y = radar[1] + math.sin(math.radians( azimuth_degrees)) * radar_len
    
    # then render the line radar with value (x,y)
    pygame.gfxdraw.line(screen, radar[0],radar[1], int(x),int(y), Color("blue"))
    pygame.display.flip() 

      
    azimuth_degrees+=1
    FPSCLOCK.tick(40)

PyGame : First interface - part 8.

The PyGame - first interface is a series of python tutorials using PyGame python module and other python modules that help us create a good interface.
If you look at the Wikipedia website then the first phrase is clear:
  In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information.
Today I will start with ThorPy python module.
This python module comes with the version 1.5.9.
You can read more about this python and test examples at the official webpage.
You can install this python module with the pip tool:

c:\Python364\Scripts>pip install thorpy
Collecting thorpy
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/09/aa/...
.../thorpy-1.6.tar.gz (373kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 378kB 374kB/s
<5 .10="" python_version=""><2 .0.0=""><2 .0.0="">...
Installing collected packages: thorpy
Successfully installed thorpy-1.6

This is the result of submenus from official website.

PyGame : Test with an animated image.

This is a simple tutorial about how to create a bouncing ball effect with pygame python module.
The source code is very simple and you need a transparent image named earth.png .
The variables I used is size, speed, ball, ballrect.
I used ballrect with  get_rect().
The result get pygame Rect object.
This  has several virtual attributes which can be used to move and align the Rect:

• x,y
• top, left, bottom, right
• topleft, bottomleft, topright, bottomright
• midtop, midleft, midbottom, midright
• center, centerx, centery
• size, width, height
• w,h

All of these attributes can be assigned to ballrect variable.

import sys
import pygame
pygame.init()
 
size = width, height = 640, 420
speed = [1, 1]
black = 0, 0, 0
 
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)
 
ball = pygame.image.load("earth.png")
ballrect = ball.get_rect()
 
while 1:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT: sys.exit()
 
    ballrect = ballrect.move(speed)
    if ballrect.left < 0 or ballrect.right > width:
        speed[0] = -speed[0]
    if ballrect.top < 0 or ballrect.bottom > height:
        speed[1] = -speed[1]
 
    screen.fill(black)
    screen.blit(ball, ballrect)
    pygame.display.flip()

pygame.display.update()

The result of this source code :

PyGame : The pymunk python module.

First about pymunk python module:
Pymunk is an easy-to-use pythonic 2d physics library that can be used whenever you need 2d rigid body physics from Python. Perfect when you need 2d physics in your game, demo or other application!
I install it with pip and python 2.7 and I test it with one example from the official website.
The source code is this:

import sys, random
import os

description = """
---- Newton's Cradle ----
A screensaver version of Newton's Cradle with an interactive mode
/s - Run in fullscreen screensaver mode
/p #### - Display a preview of the screensaver using a window handler
/i - Interactive mode
"""

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
    print(description)
    sys.exit()

is_interactive = False
display_flags = 0
if sys.argv[1] == "/p":  # preview mode
    os.environ['SDL_VIDEODRIVER'] = 'windib'
    os.environ['SDL_WINDOWID'] = sys.argv[2]
    display_size = (100, 100)
    is_interactive = False

### We must set OS env before the pygame imports..
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from pygame.color import *

if sys.argv[1] == "/s":  # fullscreen screensaver mode
    display_size = (0, 0)
    is_interactive = False
    display_flags = display_flags | FULLSCREEN  # FULLSCREEN) # | DOUBLEBUF | HWSURFACE     )
elif sys.argv[1] == "/i":  # interactive
    display_size = (600, 600)
    is_interactive = True

import pymunk as pm
from pymunk import Vec2d


def drawcircle(image, colour, origin, radius, width=0):
    if width == 0:
        pygame.draw.circle(image, colour, origin, int(radius))
    else:
        if radius > 65534 / 5:
            radius = 65534 / 5
        circle = pygame.Surface([radius * 2 + width, radius * 2 + width]).convert_alpha()
        circle.fill([0, 0, 0, 0])
        pygame.draw.circle(circle, colour, [circle.get_width() / 2, circle.get_height() / 2], radius + (width / 2))
        if int(radius - (width / 2)) > 0:
            pygame.draw.circle(circle, [0, 0, 0, 0], [circle.get_width() / 2, circle.get_height() / 2],
                               abs(int(radius - (width / 2))))
        image.blit(circle, [origin[0] - (circle.get_width() / 2), origin[1] - (circle.get_height() / 2)])

def reset_bodies(space):
    for body in space.bodies:
        body.position = Vec2d(body.start_position)
        body.force = 0, 0
        body.torque = 0
        body.velocity = 0, 0
        body.angular_velocity = 0
    color = random.choice(list(THECOLORS.values()))
    for shape in space.shapes:
        shape.color = color

def main():
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode(display_size, display_flags)
    width, height = screen.get_size()

    def to_pygame(p):
        """Small hack to convert pymunk to pygame coordinates"""
        return int(p.x), int(-p.y + height)

    def from_pygame(p):
        return to_pygame(p)

    clock = pygame.time.Clock()
    running = True
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 16)

    ### Physics stuff
    space = pm.Space()
    space.gravity = (0.0, -1900.0)
    space.damping = 0.999  # to prevent it from blowing up.
    mouse_body = pm.Body(body_type=pm.Body.KINEMATIC)

    bodies = []
    for x in range(-100, 150, 50):
        x += width / 2
        offset_y = height / 2
        mass = 10
        radius = 25
        moment = pm.moment_for_circle(mass, 0, radius, (0, 0))
        body = pm.Body(mass, moment)
        body.position = (x, -125 + offset_y)
        body.start_position = Vec2d(body.position)
        shape = pm.Circle(body, radius)
        shape.elasticity = 0.9999999
        space.add(body, shape)
        bodies.append(body)
        pj = pm.PinJoint(space.static_body, body, (x, 125 + offset_y), (0, 0))
        space.add(pj)

    reset_bodies(space)
    selected = None

    if not is_interactive:
        pygame.time.set_timer(USEREVENT + 1, 70000)  # apply force
        pygame.time.set_timer(USEREVENT + 2, 120000)  # reset
        pygame.event.post(pygame.event.Event(USEREVENT + 1))
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)

    while running:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == QUIT:
                running = False
            elif event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_p:
                pygame.image.save(screen, "newtons_cradle.png")

            if event.type == pygame.USEREVENT + 1:
                r = random.randint(1, 4)
                for body in bodies[0:r]:
                    body.apply_impulse_at_local_point((-6000, 0))
            if event.type == pygame.USEREVENT + 2:
                reset_bodies(space)

            elif event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_r and is_interactive:
                reset_bodies(space)
            elif event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_f and is_interactive:
                r = random.randint(1, 4)
                for body in bodies[0:r]:
                    body.apply_impulse_at_local_point((-6000, 0))

            elif event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN and is_interactive:
                if selected != None:
                    space.remove(selected)
                p = from_pygame(Vec2d(event.pos))
                hit = space.point_query_nearest(p, 0, pm.ShapeFilter())
                if hit != None:
                    shape = hit.shape
                    rest_length = mouse_body.position.get_distance(shape.body.position)
                    ds = pm.DampedSpring(mouse_body, shape.body, (0, 0), (0, 0), rest_length, 1000, 10)
                    space.add(ds)
                    selected = ds

            elif event.type == MOUSEBUTTONUP and is_interactive:
                if selected != None:
                    space.remove(selected)
                    selected = None

            elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                running = False
            elif event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
                running = False

        mpos = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
        p = from_pygame(Vec2d(mpos))
        mouse_body.position = p

        ### Clear screen
        screen.fill(THECOLORS["black"])

        ### Draw stuff
        for c in space.constraints:
            pv1 = c.a.position + c.anchor_a
            pv2 = c.b.position + c.anchor_b
            p1 = to_pygame(pv1)
            p2 = to_pygame(pv2)
            pygame.draw.aalines(screen, THECOLORS["lightgray"], False, [p1, p2])

        for ball in space.shapes:
            p = to_pygame(ball.body.position)
            drawcircle(screen, ball.color, p, int(ball.radius), 0)
            # pygame.draw.circle(screen, ball.color, p, int(ball.radius), 0)

        ### Update physics
        fps = 50
        iterations = 25
        dt = 1.0 / float(fps) / float(iterations)
        for x in range(iterations):  # 10 iterations to get a more stable simulation
            space.step(dt)

        ### Flip screen
        if is_interactive:
            screen.blit(font.render("fps: " + str(clock.get_fps()), 1, THECOLORS["white"]), (0, 0))
            screen.blit(font.render("Press left mouse button and drag to interact", 1, THECOLORS["darkgrey"]),
                        (5, height - 35))
            screen.blit(font.render("Press R to reset, any other key to quit", 1, THECOLORS["darkgrey"]),
                        (5, height - 20))

        pygame.display.flip()
        clock.tick(fps)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    sys.exit(main()

I test with this command:

C:\Python27>python.exe newtons_cradle.py /i

The result work well, see the next image: 

PyGame : The experimental gfxdraw.

This is a tutorial about gfxdraw how to use.
Note: this is an EXPERIMENTAL feature for PyGame ( meaning this API may change, or disappear in later pygame releases).
First about this gfxdraw we can use this:

• pygame module for drawing shapes
• pygame.gfxdraw.pixel — place a pixel
• pygame.gfxdraw.hline — draw a horizontal line
• pygame.gfxdraw.vline — draw a vertical line
• pygame.gfxdraw.rectangle — draw a rectangle
• pygame.gfxdraw.box — draw a box
• pygame.gfxdraw.line — draw a line
• pygame.gfxdraw.circle — draw a circle
• pygame.gfxdraw.arc — draw an arc
• pygame.gfxdraw.aacircle — draw an anti-aliased circle
• pygame.gfxdraw.filled_circle — draw a filled circle
• pygame.gfxdraw.ellipse — draw an ellipse
• pygame.gfxdraw.aaellipse — draw an anti-aliased ellipse
• pygame.gfxdraw.filled_ellipse — draw a filled ellipse
• pygame.gfxdraw.pie — draw a pie
• pygame.gfxdraw.trigon — draw a triangle
• pygame.gfxdraw.aatrigon — draw an anti-aliased triangle
• pygame.gfxdraw.filled_trigon — draw a filled trigon
• pygame.gfxdraw.polygon — draw a polygon
• pygame.gfxdraw.aapolygon — draw an anti-aliased polygon
• pygame.gfxdraw.filled_polygon — draw a filled polygon
• pygame.gfxdraw.textured_polygon — draw a textured polygon
• pygame.gfxdraw.bezier — draw a Bézier curve

Nou about the example I will use into this tutorial. Is a very simple class with an anti-aliased ellipse.
This class used pygame.gfxdraw.aaellipse , see the doc:
pygame.gfxdraw.aaellipse()
    draw an anti-aliased ellipse
      aaellipse(surface, x, y, rx, ry, color) -> None
      Draws anti aliased edges of an ellipse onto a surface.

#!/usr/bin/python

import random
import math

import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from pygame import *
from pygame import gfxdraw

#create a math function
def linear_interp(a, b, x):
 return a*(1-x) + b*x

#a class python to show on display
class Screen():
 def __init__(self):
  pygame.init()

  self.display_flags = DOUBLEBUF
  rect = self.width, self.height = 640, 480

  if pygame.display.mode_ok(rect, self.display_flags):
   self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode(rect, self.display_flags)

 def shell_print(self,text):
  print text

 def aaellipse(self,surface, x, y, rx, ry, color):
  pygame.gfxdraw.ellipse(surface, x, y, rx, ry, color)

show = Screen()

run = 1
clock = pygame.time.Clock()

show.shell_print("test")
show.aaellipse(show.screen, x=300, y=200, rx=100, ry=60, color=(8, 8, 160))

while run:
 events = pygame.event.get()

 for event in events:
  if event.type == QUIT:
   run = 0

 pygame.display.flip()

 clock.tick(60)

To understand the class methods I used two: shell_print and aaellipse.
The shell_print is used just to print a input text to python shell.
The aaellipse take all inputs for the default pygame.gfxdraw.ellipse.
The result is a simple blue ellipse at 300 and 200 points and sized with 100 and 60.
Another aspect to note is use of the surface into show.aaellipse : show.screen.
This means that the drawing screen is used and not another defined surface.
Of course we can change Screen class to help us - decorators, other defining surfaces, initializations...